How tall are the kjolen mountains

In het uiterste noorden van het Scandinavisch Hoogland, waar de grenzen van Noorwegen, Zweden, Finland en Rusland bij elkaar komen, in de nabijheid van de Noordkaap, is het gebergte meer een heuvellandschap. Les premiers habitants vivaient essentiellement de la chasse aux rennes. The western sides of the mountains drop precipitously into the North Sea and Norwegian Sea, forming the fjords of Norway, whereas to the northeast they gradually curve towards Finland.

To the north they form the border between Norway and Sweden, reaching 2, metres 6, ft high at the Arctic Circle. The mountain range just touches northwesternmost Finland but are scarcely more than hills at their northernmost extension at the North Cape Nordkapp.

The Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands terrestrial ecoregion is closely associated with the mountain range. In South Norway there is a broad scatter of mountain regions with individual names, such as Dovrefjell , Hardangervidda , Jotunheimen , and Rondane.

The mountain chain's highest summits are mostly concentrated in an area of mean altitude of over 1, m [7] between Stavanger and Trondheim in South Norway, with numerous peaks over 1, m and some peaks over 2, m. In eastern Norway, some of the stepped surfaces merge into a single surface.

Dovre and Jotunheimen are rises from the highest of the stepped surfaces. Most cirques are found between 1, and 1, m. The climate of the Nordic countries is maritime along the coast of Norway, and much more continental in Sweden in the rain shadow of the Scandinavian Mountains. The combination of a northerly location and moisture from the North Atlantic Ocean has caused the formation of many ice fields and glaciers.

In the mountains, the air temperature decreases with increasing altitude, and patches of mountain permafrost in regions with a mean annual air temperature MAAT of Higher up, widespread permafrost may be expected at altitudes with a MAAT of In the Scandinavian Mountains, the lower limit of widespread discontinuous permafrost drops from meters in the west of southern Norway to meters near the border with Sweden, and from m to m in northern Scandinavia.

Thus the snow line , or glacier equilibrium line as the limit between the accumulation zone and ablation zone shows the opposite trend, from meters in the west Jostefonn to meters in the east Jotunheimen. Most of the rocks of the Scandinavian Mountains are Caledonian, which means they were put in place by the Caledonian orogeny. Caledonian rocks overlie rocks of the much older Svecokarelian and Sveconorwegian provinces. The Caledonian rocks actually form large nappes Swedish : skollor that have been thrust over the older rocks.

Much of the Caledonian rocks have been eroded since they were put in place, meaning that they were once thicker and more contiguous. It is also implied from the erosion that the nappes of Caledonian rock once reached further east than they do today. The erosion has left remaining massifs of Caledonian rocks and windows of Precambrian rock.

While there are some disagreements, geologists generally recognize four units among the nappes: an uppermost, an upper, a middle and a lower unit. The lower unit is made up Ediacaran Vendian , Cambrian , Ordovician and Silurian -aged sedimentary rocks. Pieces of Precambrian shield rocks are in some places also incorporated into the lower nappes. It was during the Silurian and Devonian periods that the Caledonian nappes were stacked upon the older rocks and upon themselves.

The mountain chain is present in Sweden from northern Dalarna northwards; south of this point the Scandinavian Mountains lie completely within Norway. Most of the Scandinavian Mountains lack "alpine topography", and where present it does not relate to altitude.

Most of the rocks of the Scandinavian Mountains are Caledonian, which means they were put in place by the Caledonian orogeny. Caledonian rocks overlie rocks of the much older Svecokarelian and Sveconorwegian provinces.

The Caledonian rocks actually form large nappes Swedish: skollor that have been thrust over the older rocks. Much of the Caledonian rocks have been eroded since they were put in place, meaning that they were once thicker and more contiguous.

It is also implied from the erosion that the nappes of Caledonian rock once reached further east than they do today. The erosion has left remaining massifs of Caledonian rocks and windows of Precambrian rock. While there are some disagreements, geologists generally recognize four units among the nappes: an uppermost, an upper, a middle and a lower unit.

The lower unit is made up Ediacaran Vendian , Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian-aged sedimentary rocks. Pieces of Precambrian shield rocks are in some places also incorporated into the lower nappes. It was during the Silurian and Devonian periods that the Caledonian nappes were stacked upon the older rocks and upon themselves.

This occurred in connection to the closure of the Iapetus Ocean as the ancient continents of Laurentia and Baltica collided. A version of this argument was put forward in with the claim that the uplift of the mountains was attained by buoyancy of the surviving "mountain roots" of the Caledonian orogen. Another problem with this model is that it does not explain why other former mountains dating back to the Caledonian orogeny are eroded and buried in sediments and not uplifted by their "roots".

The origin of today's mountain topography is debated by geologists. Geologically, the Scandinavian Mountains are an elevated, passive continental margin similar to the mountains and plateaux found on the opposite side of the North Atlantic in Eastern Greenland or in Australia's Great Dividing Range.

A two-stage model of uplift has been proposed for the Scandinavian Mountains in South Norway. A first stage in the Mesozoic and a second stage starting from the Oligocene.

In South Norway, the Scandinavian Mountains had their main uplift phase later Neogene than in northern Scandinavia which had its main phase of uplift in the Paleogene. The various episodes of uplift of the Scandinavian Mountains were similar in orientation and tilted land surfaces to the east while allowing rivers to incise the landscape.